The Teradata NESTED join and the impact of the Primary Index

The most used join strategy is the MERGE join (or its equivalent for row partitioned tables, the row key-based merge join). A join strategy that rarely puts in appearance is the Teradata NESTED join.

It needs a lot of thought about query design to allow the Teradata Optimizer to pick this economical way of joining.

We will analyze at first how a NESTED join works and what is the enabling technology.

What enables the nested to join? The Optimizer needs to do a unique index lookup on one table and any indexed search on the other table.

A unique index search could be unique primary index access or unique secondary index access. The second table must be accessible by any index (regardless of uniqueness).

In a quick and dirty environment, where a matter of principle, unique primary indexes are avoided to mask duplicate key problems, many possibilities to execute a nested join are missed.

In the following test scenario, we will show how significant the impact on a system could be:

I created two test tables, allowing the NESTED join strategy to be used.
CREATE MULTISET TABLE TABLE_1 (PK INTEGER NOT NULL, ATTRIB_A  INTEGER) UNIQUE PRIMARY INDEX (PK);
CREATE MULTISET TABLE TABLE_2 (PK INTEGER NOT NULL, ATTRIB_B  INTEGER) PRIMARY INDEX (ATTRIB_B );

I added some random records to both tables.

INSERT INTO TABLE_1 SELECT ROW_NUMBER() OVER ( ORDER BY 1), RANDOM(1,100) FROM SYS_CALENDAR.CALENDAR;

INSERT INTO TABLE_2 SELECT ROW_NUMBER() OVER ( ORDER BY 1), ROW_NUMBER() OVER ( ORDER BY 1)  FROM SYS_CALENDAR.CALENDAR;

Finally, I designed a query that fitted the requirements for a NESTED join ideally:

SELECT * FROM TABLE_1 t01 INNER JOIN TABLE_2 t02 ON  t01.PK = T02.PK
WHERE t01.PK = 1 AND t02.ATTRIB_B = 10;

The result was that the result set could be retrieved with only two disks accessed.

Afterward, I removed uniqueness from the first test table (UPI to NUPI). In the absence of any unique secondary index, this will prevent the Optimizer from applying the NESTED join strategy:

DROP TABLE TABE_1;
CREATE MULTISET TABLE TABLE_1 (PK INTEGER NOT NULL, ATTRIB_A  INTEGER) PRIMARY INDEX (PK);

The Optimizer had to make another plan. It decided to do a MERGE join.

The second execution plan is evil. Two hundred twenty-eight disk accesses are needed:  2 disk accesses against 228! A huge difference.

Conclusion: 

Don’t omit the uniqueness of primary indexes just for questionable reasons.